Research Article
A Theoretical Framework for the Calculation of the Number of Covalent Bonds in Unsaturated Organic Compounds
Vlad Cristian Gavrilă*
,
Teodor Octavian Nicolescu
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
72-82
Received:
28 October 2024
Accepted:
11 November 2024
Published:
28 November 2024
Abstract: Theoretical frameworks are important structures that provide novel ways of understanding unique and complex ideas related to many fields of science. Therefore, in this manuscript we try to present a theoretical framework with new general equations that share a similar structure with the index of hydrogen deficiency and can be used to calculate the number of covalent bonds for numerous unsaturated organic molecules. Our mathematical model is based on graph theory combined with classical organic chemistry concepts, and the variables that made up all the general equations are represented by the number of atoms and the valence of those atoms that correspond to unsaturated organic compounds which contain only simple covalent bonds. The main scope of this model is to be used manually by scientists that are interested in performing an easy and fast calculation of bonds and rings for various classes of molecules in order to deduce more information about their possible chemical structures. Other objectives include the possibility for future implementation of computer programs based on IHD like equations similar with the ones that will be presented in this manuscript to help researchers speed up the process of identification and calculation of multiple chemical variables. In essence, our study represents a novel comprehensive methodology for finding the number of covalent bonds and rings in specific chemical compounds.
Abstract: Theoretical frameworks are important structures that provide novel ways of understanding unique and complex ideas related to many fields of science. Therefore, in this manuscript we try to present a theoretical framework with new general equations that share a similar structure with the index of hydrogen deficiency and can be used to calculate the ...
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Research Article
Evaluation of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Sediments of the Tsieme River in Brazzaville (Republic of Congo)
Promesse Nsona Moussoki*,
Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo,
Christ Bardoul Engambe,
Martin Tchoumou
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
83-90
Received:
8 October 2024
Accepted:
7 November 2024
Published:
12 December 2024
Abstract: Population growth, accompanied by rapid urbanization, is the cause of many disturbances in natural environments. The presence of physical and/or chemical contaminants in sediments causes toxic effects in aquatic environments. This work aims to determine the physicochemical parameters of the sediments of the Tsiémé River in Brazzaville during the dry and rainy seasons. Four (04) sediment samples were taken per season and analyzed by potentiometric, X-ray diffractometric and Robinson methods. The results obtained show that quartz is the only mineral species detected. The particle size distribution of the sediments shows particles of different sizes in the order of coarse sand > fine sand > coarse silt > fine silt. The sediments of the Tsiémé River are moderately acidic with pH values varying between 5.75 and 6.69 in the dry season and between 6.38 and 7.13 in the rainy season. The low values of electrical conductivity ranging from 18 to 173 μs/cm in the dry season and from 13 to 86 μs/cm in the rainy season characterize the low mineralization of the sediments. The percentage of total nitrogen varies from 0.004 to 0.006% in the dry season and from 0.00 to 0.005% in the rainy season. Similarly, the total phosphorus rate fluctuates between 0.007 and 0.07% and from 0.06 to 0.1% in the dry and rainy seasons. The organic matter contents vary between 0.248 to 3,549% and 0.038 to 0.114% in the dry and rainy season. These results indicate the absence of mineral and organic pollution of the sediments. Thus, the sediments of the Tsiémé River do not present imminent risks from a physicochemical point of view.
Abstract: Population growth, accompanied by rapid urbanization, is the cause of many disturbances in natural environments. The presence of physical and/or chemical contaminants in sediments causes toxic effects in aquatic environments. This work aims to determine the physicochemical parameters of the sediments of the Tsiémé River in Brazzaville during the dr...
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Review Article
Process of Synthesis and Analysis of Nanoparticles Recovered by Magnetic Methods
Bijoy Barman*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
91-97
Received:
25 November 2024
Accepted:
10 December 2024
Published:
27 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20241304.13
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Abstract: Magnetic materials, particularly ferrites, are integral to various electronic and biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic and electrical properties. Ferrites, which typically adopt spinel structures, are synthesized by mixing iron oxide (Fe2O3) with other metallic elements, such as nickel, zinc, or manganese. They exhibit ferromagnetic behavior below the Curie temperature and paramagnetic properties above it. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), particularly Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3, have gained significant attention for their versatility in fields like catalysis, data storage, and biomedical technologies. Their superparamagnetism, high magnetic susceptibility, and biocompatibility make them particularly promising for targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and bioseparation. This review explores the various synthesis methods for iron oxide nanoparticles, including co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, microemulsion, and sonochemical techniques. Each method has specific advantages and limitations, such as particle size control, monodispersity, and stability. The review also highlights the critical role of nanoscale characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in understanding the structural, morphological, and compositional attributes of synthesized nanoparticles. These tools enable the optimization of synthesis parameters and the tailoring of nanoparticles for specific applications. Overall, advancements in synthesis and characterization are paving the way for innovative applications of iron oxide nanoparticles in catalysis, biomedical science, and beyond.
Abstract: Magnetic materials, particularly ferrites, are integral to various electronic and biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic and electrical properties. Ferrites, which typically adopt spinel structures, are synthesized by mixing iron oxide (Fe2O3) with other metallic elements, such as nickel, zinc, or manganese. They exhibit ferromagnetic...
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